Biography of chief black bear info

Black Bear (died April 8, 1870) was an Arapaho leader succeed the 1860s when the Boreal Arapaho, like other Native Earth tribes, were prevented from prevailing through their traditional hunting information due to settlement by European-Americans who came west during high-mindedness Pike's Peak Gold Rush.

Conflicts erupted over land and trails used by settlers and miners. A watershed event was influence Sand Creek massacre of 1864. This led to the Federal Arapaho joining with other tribes to prevent settlement in their traditional lands. In 1865, Inky Bear's village was attacked through the Battle of the Creole River. People died, lodges were set on fire, and aliment was ruined, all of which made it difficult for them to survive as a habitation.

He died during an enliven by white settlers on Apr 8, 1870 in the Undomesticated Wind Valley of present-day Wyoming.

Background

Main article: Arapaho § Histories

In the Ordinal century, the Arapahoes ranged arctic of the Arkansas River illustrious east from the Medicine Agree Mountains of the Rocky Sticks and north and east let somebody use the plains.

In the 1820s or the 1830s, at magnanimity beginning of contact with European-Americans, the Arapaho divided into North and Southern tribes based gaze at trading sources. British, French, accept American trading posts were customary north of the Arkansas Rill.

Erior that, Native Americans traded be sure about the southwest with the Nation (Santa Fe de Nuevo México), where it was easier get rid of trade for horses. There were four bands of Northern Algonquin who ranged separately for refreshment and came together for ceremonies, such as Sun Dance.

In 1851, the Fort Laramie Treaty was negotiated between Native Americans reproach the Western United States charge the United States government.

Catalogue Americans, including the Arapaho, negotiated to protect their hunting field and buffalo herds. The Affiliated States government negotiated to guard settlers who moved westward test or through traditional native manor, and along westward trails much as the Oregon Trail. Description Arapaho sought to abide unwelcoming the treaty, but they accept from starvation due to ethics sharp reduction of buffalo assemblage.

There was a huge inflow of settlers with the Riches Rush into the Rocky Native land. The United States government's plan was to put Native Americans on reservations and convert them to agrarian and Christian societies.

In 1859, Medicine Man, a ruler of a band of Septrional Arapaho and negotiator for righteousness other Northern Arapaho bands, alleged that "our sufferings are continuing every year… Our horses, besides are dying because we jubilation them so far to top off a little game for bitter Lodges.

We wish to live…" Medicine Man and Black Talk about were considered "the two nearly important Northern Arapaho leaders" neat as a new pin the time. Friday, another Algonquian leader, was a good program who helped negotiate with greatness United States government.

Sand Creek massacre

Main article: Sand Creek massacre

A positive Arapaho and Cheyenne village relations Sand Creek in eastern River was attacked by Colorado unit base in late 1864.

About Cardinal people, mostly women and descendants, were massacred. In retaliation, Arapahoe, Cheyenne, and Lakota people began fighting against Euro-Americans on honourableness westward trails.

Clashes due to westerly expansion

Main article: Powder River Expedition

The numbers of Ad northerly Arapaho diminished, but there were three main bands, Black Bear's band was located in illustriousness Powder River Basin.

They row on row between the Black Hills hem in the east to the Bighorns, and to the North River basin. Wyoming and Montana quiet had sufficient buffalo to benefit the tribe. His band intermarried with Lakota people. Another pin, located in Cache la Poudre River area (now Fort Writer, Colorado), was led by uncluttered man named Friday.

A array on the Sweetwater and Northward Platte River area was crush by Medicine Man. As grandeur military created more forts, dignity Cheyenne and Arapaho sought give a lift remove European-Americans from the sod given to them in nobleness 1851 treaty. The Cheyenne specious back to their pre-1851 search grounds to the north existing east of the Bighorn Realm, which pushed the Crows western of the Bighorns.

In April 1865, Black Bear and 400 components of his band were fixed land along the Tongue Creek in the Powder River Lavatory as their hunting grounds, adjoin exchange for a pledge closing stages peace.

Medicine Man's and Grimy Bear's bands left their camp near Fort Collins, Colorado cherish the Tongue River area. They allied themselves with Friday current Wolf Moccasin's bands, who confidential been in the Tongue Fountain area since July 1864. Jet-black Bear and Medicine Man dismounted there by June 1865. They decided to forgo any boil that would be provided brush aside the government to follow their traditional way of life, which relied on hunting buffalo en route for food.

Following the lead wink Cheyenne and Sioux natives, Swart Bear and Medicine Man discovered their bands against Overland opinion Oregon Trail travelers beginning incorporate June. They returned to rectitude Tongue River area in Sage, by which time they were blamed for "most of description outrages committed on the overland mail route west of Denver." Black Bear then left picture women and children of rule band there while he station some warriors went to gala the Crows on the Cimarron River.

Battle of Tongue River

Main article: Battle of the Tongue River

In the early morning of Grand 29, 1865 at present-day Ranchester, Wyoming, 125 cavalry and 90 Pawnee Scouts, led by Popular Patrick Edward Connor, attacked unmixed Arapaho village.

The village show consideration for Chief Black Bear and Accommodate David's band was located comprise northeastern Wyoming along the Talk River. Connor was sent clogging the Powder River area extremity fight against local Native Americans to prevent westward miners take settlers from being attacked in front the Bozeman and other trails.

It was part of authority Powder River Expedition to alter Plains Indians. Connor’s objective was to "attack and kill ever and anon male Indian over twelve time eon of age."

The offensive, called ethics Battle of the Tongue Line, involved shotguns, bow and arrows, and hand-to-hand combat — scold the United States Army lazy howitzers, which was devastating tell off the band of 500 limited 700 people.

Woman and posterity ran for safety, and were chased for ten miles building block soldiers on horseback. Black Bear's band regrouped. They launched swell counter-attack that sent Connor captivated the troops back to Tower Connor (later Fort Reno), crestfallen to an artillery position in the Arapaho village. From unblended hilltop, the Arapaho watched primate their village was burned put your name down the ground.

There were Clxxx or 250 lodges that were destroyed. Their belongings and equipping of food saved up portend the winter were ruined. Antiquated band members were burnt fellow worker the village. The soldiers army off about 1,000 horses.

Unfortunately assistance the women and children, tart men had no time regard direct their aim; bullets deprive both sides and murderous arrows filled the air; squaws predominant children, as well as warriors, fell among the dead current wounded.

—Captain Parker

The attack resulted disclose the death of men, bride and children, some of those who survived were captured.

Hazy Bear's son was one advance the casualties. Losing resources endure lives, the Arapaho needed all over cooperate with other tribes suffer privation shelter, food, and their shelter. They were also at deleterious due to cholera and pox that was running through their band at that time.

Bozeman Plan war of 1866–1868

Main article: Polished Cloud's War

The Northern Arapaho connected forces with the Cheyenne weather Sioux people and fought cook up in December 1866 against Sawyers' Expedition and in other battles over the next ten discretion.

He partnered with Red Dew and Sioux warriors and bluff his band through conflicts future Bozeman Trail, known as Cool Cloud's War, between 1866 forward 1868.

With Medicine Man and cover up Arapaho leaders, Black Bear reduction with Peace Commissioners in 1868. They sought to live uncluttered more peaceful existence on boss reservation of their own persuasively Wyoming.

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868

Main article: Treaty of Fort Town (1868)

Black Bear was one unsaved the signers of the Pact of Fort Laramie of 1868, which allowed the Arapaho give a warning continue to hunt in character Powder River Basin.

There was no reservation established for goodness Northern Arapaho. They had options to live at one constantly three reservations—one in Indian Habitat (now Oklahoma with southern Algonquin and Cheyenne relatives, another become accustomed the Crows in Montana District, or on the Missouri Outpouring with the Lakotas. If they stayed on a reservation, they were to have farm appurtenances, schools, and rations for 30 years.

Black Bear and Medicine Adult continued to look for nifty solution for a reservation long for the Northern Arapaho, such tempt a former Army post keep to the North Platter River involve Wyoming Territory.

At the government's suggestion, Northern Arapaho people temporary in 160 lodges with goodness Gros Ventre in northern Montana Territory during the winter break into 1868 to 1869. They left-hand in the spring due stay in an outbreak of smallpox.

Later years

Black Bear and Medicine Man tested to create better relations accomplice the United States Army.

Fail to notice 1868, some men from their bands became scouts. The Ad northerly Arapaho leaders also sought upturn relations with the Shoshone, who had been their enemies. Haunt Arapaho people lived on significance Shoshone reservation in Wyoming manipulation a temporary basis. The Indian reservation kept Black Bear nearby Medicine Man's bands in Wyoming.

They wanted to reside tear Wyoming, but it was splendid difficult proposition to live amidst the Shoshone.

The Northern Arapaho bands had an increasingly harder lifetime hunting for sufficient game stay at feed its people and they began to rely on state rations. Miners and settlers across into Native American lands wayout the Sweetwater and Popo Agie Rivers.

This led to recurrent skirmishes. In February 1870, Jet Bear and Medicine Man were given the permission to somewhere to live on Shoshone land, but rendering agreement was short lived, part because the Shoshone had regrouped with the Crows, who were enemies of the Cheyenne, Siouan, and Arapaho.

Black Bear Battle

Northern Algonquian arrived at the Wind Outpouring Indian Reservation in March 1870.

Seven miners were killed by means of an attack on March 31, 1870, which white settlers damned on the Arapaho, Cheyenne, stall Sioux. A voluntary group imitation soldiers left South Pass, Wyoming in search of the Inherent Americans who participated in character attack.

The Algonquin had a camp in nobleness Wind River Valley.

A objective of white people, along proper Shoshone and Bannocks, attacked Swarthy Bear, his family, and rulership unarmed band as they travelled to Camp Brown (Fort Washakie) for trading. The attack was called the Black Bear Clash of arms. Black Bear and up stop 16 others were killed. Potentate wife and child and fact list additional seven children were captured.

One of the children was Destchewa ("Runs on top complete ice") who was adopted coarse Captain Charles A. Coolidge give orders to his wife. He was renamed Sherman Coolidge.

After Black Bear's death, the band split scuffle. Some went to Colorado Locale, led by Chief Friday, extra others went to the Capitalize on River Agency to live centre of their relatives, the Gros Ventres.

Most of them gathered nearby Fort Fetterman by August 1870. Medicine Man died in 1871. Chief Black Coal began prestige leader of the Northern Arapaho.