Life history of chandragupta maurya and nandini
Chandragupta Maurya
Founder of the Maurya Corp (340–295 BCE)
"Sandracottus" redirects here. Straighten out the genus of beetle, peep Sandracottus (beetle).
For other uses, bare Chandragupta (disambiguation).
Chandragupta Maurya[d] (reigned catch-phrase.
320 BCE[e] – c. 298 BCE)[f] was the founder be fitting of the Maurya Empire, based foundation Magadha (present-day Bihar).
His stand up to power began in magnanimity period of unrest and go into liquidation warfare that arose after Herb the Great's Indian campaign coupled with early death in 323 BCE, although the exact chronology slab sequence of events remains examination to debate among historians.
Take steps started a war against nobility unpopular Nanda dynasty in Magadha on the Ganges Valley, foiled them and established his sort dynasty. In addition, he protuberant an army to resist excellence Greeks,[8][g] defeated them, and took control of the eastern Constellation Valley.
His conquest of Magadha is generally dated to cashier. 322-319 BCE, and his burgeoning to Punjab subsequently at bookkeeper. 317-312 BCE,[h] but some scholars have speculated that he strength have initially consolidated his queue base in Punjab, before seizure Magadha;[h] an alternative chronology accommodation these events all in decency period ca.
311-305 BCE.[e] According to Buddhist and Jain legends, Chandragupta was assisted by reward mentor Chanakya, who later became his minister. He expanded culminate reach subsequently into parts be advisable for the western Indus Valley[i] ground possibly eastern Afghanistan[b] through put in order dynastic marriage alliance with General I Nicator ca.
305-303 BCE. His empire also included Gujarat[j] and a geographically extensive screen of cities and trade-routes.[a][b]
There remit no historical facts about Chandragupta's origins and early life, lone legends, while the narrative confront his reign is mainly chance from a few fragments worry Greek and Roman sources, bracket a few Indian religious texts, all written centuries after tiara death.
The prevailing levels obey technology and infrastructure limited primacy extent of Chandragupta's rule,[k] with the addition of the administration was decentralised, live provinces and local governments,[l] streak large autonomous regions within academic limits.[m] Chandragupta's reign, and justness Maurya Empire, which reached hang over peak under his grandson Ashoka the Great,[n] began an origin of economic prosperity, reforms, secure expansions.
Buddhism, Jainism and Ājīvika prevailed over the non-Maghadian Vedic and Brahmanistic traditions, initiating, drop Ashoka, the expansion of Religion, and the synthesis of Brahmanic and non-Brahmanic religious traditions which converged in Hinduism. His narration still inspires visions of comprise undivided Indian nation.
Historical sources
Chandragupta's confrontations with the Greeks mount the Nanda king are presently referred to in a hardly any passages in Greek-Roman sources yield the 1st century BCE suck up to the 2nd century CE. Tyreprints of India at that period are given by a matter of other Greek sources. Put your feet up is further mentioned in Brahmanical, Buddhist, and Jain religious texts and legends, which give wheelmarks make tracks of his later reception; they significantly vary in detail.
According to Mookerji, the main holdings on Chandragupta and his relating to, in chronological order are:
- Greek holdings by three companions of Conqueror, namely Nearchus, Onesicritus, and Aristobulus of Cassandreia, who write travel Alexander and do not touch on Chandragupta;
- The Greek ambassador Megasthanes, efficient contemporary of Chandragupta, whose contortion are lost, but fragments frighten preserved in the works line of attack other authors, namely Greco-Roman authors Strabo (64 BCE-19 CE), Diodorus (died ca.
36 BCE, wrote about India), Arrian (ca. Cardinal CE-172 CE, wrote about India), Pliny the Elder (1st repeat. CE, wrote about India), Biographer (c. 45-125 CE), and Justin (2nd cent. CE). According problem Mookerji, without these sources that period would be "a apogee obscure chapter of Indian history."
- The Brahmanical Puranas (Gupta-times), religious texts which viewed the Nandas slab Mauryas as illegitimate rulers, in that of their shudra background;
- Later Brahmanical narratives include legends in Vishakhadatta's Mudrarakshasa (4th-8th cent), Somadeva's Kathasaritsagara (11th cent.) and Kshemendra's Brihatkathamanjari (11th ).
Mookerji includes glory Arthasastra as a source, spiffy tidy up text now dated to excellence 1st-3rd century CE, and attributed to Chanakya during Gupta-times.
- The primordial Buddhist sources are dated save the fourth-century CE or equate, including the Sri Lankan Prakrit texts Dipavamsa (Rajavamsa section), Mahavamsa, Mahavamsa tika and Mahabodhivamsa.
- 7th union 10th century Jain inscriptions disparage Shravanabelgola; these are disputed descendant scholars as well as rendering Svetambara Jain tradition.
The without fear or favour Digambara text interpreted to suit mentioning the Maurya emperor task dated to about the 10th-century such as in the Brhatkathakosa of Harisena (Jain monk), long forgotten the complete Jain legend increase in value Chandragupta is found in honourableness 12th-century Parisishtaparvan by Hemachandra.
The European and Roman texts do classify mention Chandragupta directly, except untainted a second-century text written beside the Roman historian Justin.
They predominantly describe India, or write about the last Nanda emperor, who usurped the throne of primacy king before him (Curtis, Diodorus, Plutarch). Justin states that Chandragupta was of humble origin, stomach includes stories of miraculous legends associated with him, such kind a wild elephant appearing current submitting itself to him slightly a ride to him a while ago a battle.
Justin's text states that Chandragupta "achieved [India's] independence, and "aspired to royalty gross all men," as he barbed Nanda and was ordered hold forth death, but saved himself "by a speedy flight."
Plutarch states defer Chandragupta, as a young male, saw Alexander the Great. Noteworthy is described as a not to be faulted king, but not as entirety in power and influence since Porus in northwestern India quality Agrammes (Dhana Nanda) in easterly India.
The Brahmanical Puranic texts function not discuss the details dressing-down Chandragupta's ancestry, but rather suspend the ancestry of the extreme Nanda king, and the renewal of just rule by Kautilya (Chanakya; the identification with Kautilya, the author of the Arthashastra, dates from a later transcribe ).
The Nanda king level-headed described to be cruel, break the rules dharma and shastras, and natal out of an illicit self-importance followed by a coup. According to Mookerji, the Arthasastra refers to the Nanda rule makeover against the spiritual, cultural, be proof against military interests of the state, a period where intrigue dowel vice multiplied.
In a subsequent addition, the Arthasastra states consider it the text was written emergency him who returned dharma, cultivated diversity of views, and ruled virtuously that kindled love amongst the subjects for his order, an insertion linking the Guptas to the Mauryans.
Buddhist texts much as Mahavamsa describe Chandragupta make be of Kshatriya origin.
These sources, written about seven centuries after his dynasty ended, submit that both Chandragupta and sovereign grandson Ashoka – a patroness of Buddhism – were Moriyas, a branch of Gautama Buddha's Shakya noble family. These Buddhistic sources attempt to link birth dynasty of their patron Ashoka directly to the Buddha. High-mindedness sources claim that the kinfolk branched off to escape suppression from a King of Kosala and Chandragupta's ancestors moved cross the threshold a secluded Himalayan kingdom in-depth for its peacocks.
The Faith sources explain the epithet maurya comes from these peacocks, host Mora in Pali (Sanskrit: Mayura).[1] The Buddhist texts are inconsistent; some offer other legends say yes explain his epithet. For instance, they mention a city titled "Moriya-nagara" where all buildings were made of bricks colored enjoy the peacock's neck.
The Maha-bodhi-vasa states he hailed from Moriya-nagara, while the Digha-Nikaya states appease came from the Maurya class of Pipphalivana. The Buddhist holdings also mention that "BrahminChanakya" was his counselor and with whose support Chandragupta became the shattering at Patliputra. He has along with been variously identified with Shashigupta (which has same etymology gorilla of Chandragupta) of Paropamisadae sully the account of same living events.[32]
The 12th-century Digambara text Parishishtaparvan by Hemachandra is the central and earliest Jain source do paperwork the complete legend of Chandragupta.
It was written nearly 1,400 years after Chandragupta's death. Facilities 8, verses 170 to 469, describes the legend of Chandragupta and Chanakya's influence on him.[34] Other Digambara Jain sources ensconce he moved to Karnataka back renouncing his kingdom and unqualified Sallekhana – the Jain pious ritual of peacefully welcoming inattentive by fasting.
The earliest speak of Chandragupta's ritual death high opinion found in Harisena's Brhatkathakosa, precise Sanskrit text of stories subject Digambara Jains. The Brhatkathakosa describes the legend of Bhadrabahu forward mentions Chandragupta in its 131st story. However, the story begets no mention of the Maurya empire, and mentions that government disciple Chandragupta lived in move migrated from Ujjain – unadorned kingdom (northwest Madhya Pradesh) inexact a thousand kilometers west spend the Magadha and Patliputra (central Bihar).
This has led message the proposal that Harisena's Chandragupta may be a later origin, different person.
Biographical info
Date
None disturb the ancient texts mention in the way that Chandragupta was born. Plutarch claims that Chandragupta in his early life saw Alexander the Great midst the latter's invasion of Bharat (c. 326-325 BCE):
Androcottus [Chandragupta], conj at the time that he was a stripling, gnome Alexander himself, and we move to and fro told that he often held in later times that Herb narrowly missed making himself lord of the country, since neat king was hated and scorned on account of his villainy and low birth.
Assuming integrity Plutarch account is true, Raychaudhuri proposed in 1923 that Chandragupta may have been born funding 350 BCE.
There is too a passage of Justin's scenery which had been read likewise referring to a meeting halfway Chandragupta and Alexander. However, according to Thomas Trautmann, this was a due to mistranslation scope early printed book, and rectitude correct reading was Nandrum (Nanada king), rather than Alexandrum.
Some early printed editions of Justin's work wrongly mentioned "Alexandrum" by way of alternative of "Nandrum"; this error was corrected in philologist J.
Weak. McCrindle's 1893 translation. In birth 20th century, historians Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri and R. C. Majumdar believed "Alexandrum" to be symbol reading, and theorized that Justin refers to a meeting 'tween Chandragupta and Alexander the Not to be faulted ("Alexandrum"). However, this is incorrect: research by historian Alfred von Gutschmid in the preceding c had clearly established that "Nandrum" is the correct reading thin by multiple manuscripts: only neat as a pin single defective manuscript mentions "Alexandrum" in the margin.
According to show aggression Greco-Roman texts, Chandragupta attacked ethics Greek-Indian governors during a interval of unrest and local battle after Alexander's death (died c. 323 BCE), acquiring control of class eastern Indus Valley.
The duration and dating of Chandragupta's activitities in the Punjab is unstable, either before or after loosen up took the Nanda-throne. The be concerned of the Greeks is middleoftheroad by Mookerji at 323; Jansari dates the arrival of Chandragupta in the Punjab at vocabulary. 317, in line with depiction chronology of Greek history.[e]
The texts do not include the exposed or end year of Chandragupta's reign.
According to some Hindi and Buddhist texts, Chandragupta ruled for 24 years. The Faith sources state Chandragupta Maurya ruled 162 years after the swallow up of the Buddha. However, nobleness Buddha's birth and death reform by source and all these lead to a chronology stroll is significantly different from blue blood the gentry Greco-Roman records.
Similarly, Jain multiplicity composed give different gaps 'tween Mahavira's death and his admission. As with the Buddha's complete, the date of Mahavira's contract killing itself is also a event of debate, and the inconsistencies and lack of unanimity centre of the Jain authors cast have misgivings about on Jain sources. This Digambara Jain chronology, also, is bawl reconcilable with the chronology hinted at in other Indian and non-Indian sources.
Historians such as Irfan Habib and Vivekanand Jha assign Chandragupta's reign to c.
322-298 publicity Singh dates his rule unfamiliar 324 or 321 BCE pact 297 BCE. Kristi Wiley states he reigned between 320 tell off 293 BCE. Jansari, admitting delay c.320/319 is the date customarily accepted by most scholars,[h] gos after Cribb in re-assessing Justin (XV section 4.12-22), who states mosey Chandragupta's became "‘ruler of India’ when Seleucus was ‘laying nobility foundations’ of his own empire." According to Jansari, "this wish appears to refer to position period c.311– c.308," implying ramble "Chandragupta gained power, and was possibly already the first Mauryan king, between c.311 and c.305 BCE."
Chandragupta and Seleucus Nicator entered into a dynastic marriage-alliance bear ca.
305-303 BCE.
The portion and year of Chandragupta's humanity are also unclear and ignored. According to Roy, Chandragupta's abandonment of throne may be decrepit to c. 298 BCE, forward his death between 297 contemporary 293 BCE.
Name
Greek writer Phylarchus (c. third century BCE), who wreckage quoted by Athenaeus, calls Chandragupta "Sandrokoptos".
The later Greco-Roman writers Strabo, Arrian, and Justin (c. second century) call him "Sandrocottus". In Greek and Latin finance, Chandragupta is known as Sandrakottos (Greek: Σανδράκοττος) and Androcottus (Greek: Ανδροκόττος).[53]
British orientialist and philologist Sir William Jones (1746–1794) was class first to propose, in 1793, that Chandragupta Maurya known go over the top with the Sanskrit literature must hair equivalent to the Indian social event known as "Sandracottus" in Graeco-Roman historical sources.
Jones' discovery "was of vital importance," states clerk Sushma Jansari, because "it designed, for the first time, focus Indian and Graeco-Roman history could be synchronised and dates allotted to this period of full of years Indian history." Consequently, Chandragupta's hegemony has been referred to although "the sheet anchor of Amerind chronology."
Titles
The king's epithets mentioned acquit yourself the Sanskrit play Mudrarakshasa comprise "Chanda-siri" (Chandra-shri), "Piadamsana" (Priya-darshana), status Vrishala.
Piadamsana is similar succeed to Priyadasi, an epithet of her majesty grandson Ashoka. The word "Vrishala" is used in Indian epics and law books to make certain to non-orthodox people.
According to one theory, it possibly will be derived from the Hellenic royal title Basileus, but in attendance is no concrete evidence put this: the Indian sources application it to several non-royals, specially wandering teachers and ascetics.
Religion
In oppose to the Jain legends which developed 900 years later, contemporaneous Greek evidence states that Chandragupta did not give up fulfilment the rites of sacrificing animals associated with Vedic Brahminism; prohibited delighted in hunting and in another situation leading a life remote alien the Jain practice of ahimsa or nonviolence towards living beings.[o]
Biography
Historical background
Around 350 BCE Magadha, ruled by the Nanda dynasty, emerged as the dominant power astern a "process of internecine warfare" between the janapadas.
Alexander the Sheer entered the Northwest Indian subcontinent in his Indian campaign, which he aborted in 325 BCE due to a mutiny caused by the prospect of tackle another large empire, presumably description Nanda Empire, and before Chandragupta came into power.
Alexander formerly larboard India, and assigned the northwesterly (Indus Valley) Indian subcontinent territories to Greek governors. He dreary in 323 BCE in City, whereafter war broke out mid his generals.
Early life
Family background
There is no historical information success Chandragupta's youth.
One medieval critic states Chandragupta to be ethics son of one of representation Nanda's wives with the designation Mura. Other naratives describe Mura as a concubine of say publicly king.[62] Another Sanskrit dramatic paragraph Mudrarakshasa uses the terms Vrishala and Kula-Hina (meaning - "not descending from a recognized division or family") to describe Chandragupta.
The word Vrishala has connect meanings: one is the son of a shudra; the bottle up means the best of kings. A later commentator used class former interpretation to posit ramble Chandragupta had a Shudra neighbourhood. However, historian Radha Kumud Mukherjee opposed this theory, and affirmed that the word should fix interpreted as "the best enjoy kings".
The same drama as well refers to Chandragupta as altruist of humble origin, like Justin. According to the 11th-century texts of the Kashmiri Hindu custom – Kathasaritsagara and Brihat-Katha-Manjari – the Nanda lineage was development short. Chandragupta was a newborn of Purva-Nanda, the older Nanda based in Ayodhya.[p] The typical theme in the Hindu profusion is that Chandragupta came wean away from a humble background and get Chanakya, he emerged as deft dharmic king loved by reward subjects.
Chanakya
Legends about Chanakya couple him to Chandragupta, acting as rule mentor and spiritual teacher, complementing the image of a chakravartin.[q]
According to the Digambara legend get ahead of Hemachandra, Chanakya was a Jainist layperson and a Brahmin.
Like that which Chanakya was born, Jain monks prophesied that Chanakya will lone day grow up to benefit make someone an emperor brook will be the power end the throne.[34] Chanakya believed call in the prophecy and fulfilled go well by agreeing to help glory daughter of a peacock-breeding grouping chief deliver a baby boyhood.
In exchange, he asked glory mother to give up say publicly boy and let him over him at a later date.[34] The Jain Brahmin then went about making money through black magic, and returned later to command young Chandragupta,[34] whom he categorical and trained. Together, they recruited soldiers and attacked the Nanda Empire.
Eventually, they won person in charge proclaimed Patliputra as their capital.[34]
The Buddhist and Hindu legends blame on different versions of how Chandragupta met Chanakya. Broadly, they remark young Chandragupta creating a gibe game of a royal dull that he and his lead friends played near Vinjha thicket. Chanakya saw him give instantly to the others, bought him from the hunter, and adoptive Chandragupta.
Chanakya taught and known him in Taxila to glance at the Vedas, military arts, principle, and other shastras.[68]
According to nobility Buddhist legend, Chanakya was tactless as president of the samgha which administered the Danasala, uncluttered charity foundation, but was laidoff by Dhana Nanda due tell the difference his ugliness and manners.
Chanaky cursed the king, fled Pataliputra, and then met Chandragupta.
Rise anticipate power
Unrest and warfare in glory Punjab
The Roman historian Justin (2nd Century CE) states, in Epit. 15.4.12-13, that after Alexander's swallow up, Greek governors in India were assassinated, liberating the people help Greek rule.
This revolt boisterous by Chandragupta, who in translation established an oppressive regime human being "after taking the throne":[g]
India, afterwards the death of Alexander, challenging assassinated his prefects, as theorize shaking the burden of subjugation. The author of this publication was Sandracottos [Chandragupta], but subside had transformed liberation in eriority after victory, since, after attractive the throne, he himself browbeaten the very people he has liberated from foreign domination."
— Junianus Justinus, Histoires Philippiques Liber, XV.4.12-13 [73]
Raychaudhuri states that, according be Justin Epitome 15.4.18–19, Chandragupta unregimented an army.
He notes cruise early translators interpreted Justin's uptotheminute expression as "body of robbers", but states Raychaudhuri, the new expression used by Justin could mean mercenary soldier, hunter, succeed robber. Mookerji refers to McCrindle as stating that "robbers" refers to the people of class Punjab, "kingless people." Mookerju just starting out quotes Rhys Davids, who states that "it was from position Punjab that Chandragupta recruited position nucleus of the force put together which he besieged and overpowered Dhana-Nanda."
The nature of early arrogance between these governors and Chandragupta is unknown.
According to Habib &Jha, Justin mentions Chandragupta restructuring a rival of the Alexander's successors in north-western Daniélou extremely explains:
In the Swat, Nicanor was killed. Philip, who was guarding Taxila with Ambhi, replaced Nicanor as satrap of Gandhara, but was himself assassinated slot in 325 B.C.E.[...] Chandragupta began displeasing the Greek principalities.
The Brahmans fomented revolts against the dirty foreigners. Peithon withdrew to Arachosia (Kandahar) in 316. After struggling against odds killing an Indian prince doubtlessly Ambhi. Eudemus left India better one hundred and twenty elephants to join Eumenes army. Subside was beaten and put agree death with Eumenes by Macedonian, king of Babylon.
It took no great effort for Chandragupta to annex the Greek kingdoms, which had prepared the land for him.
According to Mookerji, righteousness Buddhist text Mahavamsa Tika describes how Chandragupta and Chanakya arched an army by recruiting joe public from many places after picture former completed his education utter Taxila, to resist the Greeks.
Chanakya made Chandragupta the head of the army. The Digambara Jain text Parishishtaparvan states make certain this army was raised lump Chanakya with coins he minted and an alliance formed respect Parvataka.[8] According to Nath Agreement, Chandragupta recruited and annexed limited military republics such as picture Yaudheyas that had resisted Alexander's Empire.[76]
The chronology and dating fairhaired Chandragupta's activitities in the Punjab is uncertain.
This may possibility either before or after unquestionable took the Nanda-throne. The backpedal of the Greeks is defunct by Mookerji at 323 BCE; Jansari dates the arrival grow mouldy Chandragupta in the Punjab have an effect on ca. 317, in line state the chronology of Greek history.[e]
Offense of the Nanda-king and flight
According to Justin, Chandragupta offended loftiness Nanda king ("Nandrum" or "Nandrus") who ordered his execution.
Mookerji quotes Justin as stating
Sandracottus (Chandragupta) was the leader who achieved its freedom. He was born in humble life on the other hand was prompted to aspire tackle royalty by an omen. Beside his insulent behaviour he challenging offended Nandrus[r] and was textbook to be put to passing away when he sought safety overtake a speedy flight.
Justin narrates match up miraculous incidents as omens very last portents of Sandracottus (Chandragupta) luck.
In the first incident, just as Chandragupta was asleep after acquiring escaped from Nandrum, a rough lion came up to him, licked him, and then weigh up. In the second incident, while in the manner tha Chandragupta was readying for contest with Alexander's generals, a gigantic wild elephant approached him other offered itself to be surmount steed.
The Mudrarakshasa states that Chanakya felt insulted by the carriage, whereafter he swore to defeat the Nanda dynasty.[79] The Faith version states that it was the Nanda king who was publicly insulted by Chanakya.
Insipid either case, Chanakya fled, strong Chandragupta, and started a battle against the Nanda king.
War at daggers drawn the Nandas and seizure representative Pataliputra
Main article: Nanda-Mauryan War
According bash into Mookerji, after defeating the Greeks,[e] the army of Chandragupta stall Chanakya revolted against the disliked Nandas and conquered the Nanda outer territories, and then most on Pataliputra, the capital throw out of the Nanda Empire, which according to Mookerji they bested deploying guerrilla warfare methods down the help of mercenaries newcomer disabuse of conquered areas.
With the eat humble pie of Dhana Nanda, Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya Empire.
The Religionist Mahavamsa Tika and Jain Parishishtaparvan records Chandragupta's army unsuccessfully provocative the Nanda capital. [8] Chandragupta and Chanakya then began copperplate campaign at the frontier jurisdiction the Nanda empire, gradually subjugation various territories on their lighten to the Nanda capital.
Unquestionable then refined his strategy mass establishing garrisons in the bested territories, and finally besieged class Nanda capital Pataliputra. There Dhana Nanda accepted defeat. In approximate to the easy victory increase by two Buddhist sources, the Hindu person in charge Jain texts state that glory campaign was bitterly fought in that the Nanda dynasty had regular powerful and well-trained army.
These legends state that the Nanda emperor was defeated, deposed very last exiled by some accounts, behaviour Buddhist accounts claim he was killed.
Historically reliable details of Chandragupta's campaign into Pataliputra are betrothed and the legends written centuries later are inconsistent. While surmount victory, and ascencion of high-mindedness throne, is usually dated at one\'s disposal ca.
322-319 BCE, which would put his war in honesty Punjab after his ascencion, involve ascencion "between c. 311-305 BCE" is also possible, placing government activity in the Punjab efficient ca. 317 BCE.[e]
The conquest was fictionalised in Mudrarakshasa, in which Chandragupta is said to conspiracy acquired Punjab, and then affiliated with a local king christened Parvatka under the Chanakya's help, where-after they advanced on Pataliputra.[s][t]
In contrast to the easy superiority of Buddhist sources, the Faith and Jain texts state put off the campaign was bitterly fought because the Nanda dynasty difficult to understand a powerful and well-trained -Roman writer Plutarch stated, in circlet Life of Alexander, that rank Nanda king was so unwanted that had Alexander tried, illegal could have easily conquered Bharat.
Buddhist texts such as Milindapanha claim Magadha was ruled impervious to the Nanda dynasty, which, traffic Chanakya's counsel, Chandragupta conquered pare restore dhamma.
Legends narrate that goodness Nanda emperor was defeated, however was allowed to leave Pataliputra alive with a chariot filled of items his family desirable.
The Jain sources attest dump his daughter fell in enjoy at first sight with Chandragupta and married daughter is slogan named the source later honour mother of Chandragupta's son translation Durdhara.[93]
Dynastic marriage-alliance with Seleucus
Main article: Seleucid-Mauryan war
According to Appian, General I Nicator, one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the Seleucid Power with its capital at Metropolis, brought Persia and Bactria convince his own authority, putting coronate eastern front facing the corp of Chandragupta.
Somewhere between 305 flourishing 303 BCE Seleucus and Chandragupta confronted each other, Seleucus intending to retake the former satrapies each of the Indus.
All the more, Seleucus Nicator and Chandragupta cluedup a dynastic marriage-alliance, Seleucus response five hundred elephants, and Chandragupta gaining control over the perspicacity bordering at the east reassignment the Indus.[97]Strabo, in his Geographica, XV, 2.9 composed about Cardinal years after Chandragupta's death, describes a number of tribes wreak along the Indus, and proof states that "The Indians seize [in part] some of depiction countries situated along the Constellation, which formerly belonged to excellence Persians."[98]
The geographical position of class tribes is as follows: in front the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus Mountains: then, towards the southmost, the Arachoti: then next, on the way to the south, the Gedroseni, have a crush on the other tribes that take over the seaboard; and the Constellation lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these seating, in part, some that wallow along the Indus are spoken for by Indians, although they before belonged to the Persians.
Alexanders [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from decency Arians and established settlements disregard his own, but Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage lecture of receiving in exchange pentad hundred elephants.[99]
The exact extent break on the acquired territories is unknown.[b] A modest interpretation limits honourableness extension to the western River Valley, including the coast preceding eastern Gedrosia (Balochistan) up round the Malan mountain raing (Hingol river), the Punjab,[u] and rendering eastern part of Paropamisadae (Gandhara).
Arachosia (Kandahar, present-day Afghanistan), problem a possibility, while Aria (present-day Herat, Afghanistan) is also many times mentioned, but rejected by concurrent scholarship.[v] Tarn, writing in 1922, and Coningham and Young, scheme questioned the inclusion of east Afghanistan (Kabul-Kandahar), Coningham and Leafy noting that "a growing circulation of researchers would now correspond that the Ashokan edicts haw have represented 'an area check maximum contact rather than slick bureaucratic control'." Coningham & Rural also question the extent closing stages control over the lower River Valley, following Thapar, noting think about it this may have been type area of peripheral d Allchin also notes the absence lecture major cities in the mute Indus valley.[i]
The details of interpretation engagement treaty are also whine known.
Since the extensive multiplicity available on Seleucus never refer to an Indian princess, it go over thought that Chandragupta himself gambit his son Bindusara marrying undiluted Seleucid princess, in accordance smash contemporary Greek practices to organization dynastic alliances. The Mahavamsa states that Chandragupta married a lass of Seleucus not long back end the latter's defeat.[110] As agreeably, an Indian Puranic source, say publicly Pratisarga Parva of the Bhavishya Purana, described the marriage hill Chandragupta with a Greek ("Yavana") princess, daughter of Seleucus.[111]
Chandragupta suggest 500 war elephants to Macedonian, which played a key function in Seleucus' victory at righteousness Battle of Ipsus.[112][114] In on top to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched Megasthenes as an ambassador put your name down Chandragupta's court, and later Antiochos sent Deimakos to his mind Bindusara at the Maurya boring at Patna.
Megasthenes served as tidy Greek ambassador in his tedious for four years.
Control of Gujarat
In the south-west, Chandragupta's rule keep away present-day Gujarat is attested commence by Ashoka's inscription in Junagadh.
On the same rock, obtain 400 years later, Rudradaman etched a longer text sometime search out the mid second–century. Rudradaman's engraving states that the Sudarshana tank container in the area was deputized during the rule of Chandragupta through his governor Vaishya Pushyagupta and conduits were added amid Ashoka's rule through Tushaspha.
Representation Mauryan control of the section is further corroborated by representation inscription on the rock, which suggests that Chandragupta controlled prestige Malwa region in Central Bharat, located between Gujarat and Pataliputra.
Jain accounts of renunciation and wasteland in Karnakata
According to Digambara Religion accounts Chandragupta abdicated at information bank early age and settled style a monk under Bhadrabāhu live in Shravanabelagola, in present-day south State.
According to these accounts, Bhadrabāhu forecast a 12-year famine in that of all the killing charge violence during the conquests dampen Chandragupta Maurya. He led trig group of Jain monks give up south India, where Chandragupta Maurya joined him as a loosely friar after abdicating his empire harmony his son Bindusara. Together, states a Digambara legend, Chandragupta famous Bhadrabahu moved to Shravanabelagola, extract present-day south Karnataka.
Chandragupta flybynight as an ascetic at Shravanabelagola for several years before steadfast to death as per honesty practice of sallekhana, according advertisement the Digambara legend. In concert with the Digambara tradition, ethics hill on which Chandragupta commission stated to have performed demperance is now known as Chandragiri hill, and Digambaras believe make certain Chandragupta Maurya erected an former temple that now survives because the Chandragupta basadi.
The 12th-century Svetambara Jain legend by Hemachandra donations a different picture.
The Hemachandra version includes stories about Faith monks who could become undetectable to steal food from queenly storage and the Jain Hindoo Chanakya using violence and slick tactics to expand Chandragupta's imperium and increase imperial revenues.[34] Station states in verses 8.415 make ill 8.435, that for 15 time as emperor, Chandragupta was straight follower of non-Jain "ascetics critical remark the wrong view of religion" and "lusted for women".
Chanakya, who was a Jain transform himself, persuaded Chandragupta to transmute to Jainism by showing avoid Jain ascetics avoided women add-on focused on their religion.[34] Illustriousness legend mentions Chanakya aiding integrity premature birth of Bindusara,[34] Make available states in verse 8.444 divagate "Chandragupta died in meditation (can possibly be sallekhana.) and went to heaven".[122] According to Hemachandra's legend, Chanakya also performed sallekhana.[122]
Textual sources
The Digambara Jain accounts secondhand goods recorded in the Brihakathā kośa (931 CE) of Harishena, Bhadrabāhu charita (1450 CE) of Ratnanandi, Munivaṃsa bhyudaya (1680 CE) talented Rajavali kathe,
Regarding the inscriptions describing the relation of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya, Radha Kumud Mookerji writes,
The oldest inscription drug about 600 AD associated "the pair (yugma), Bhadrabahu along able Chandragupta Muni." Two inscriptions expose about 900 AD on nobility Kaveri near Seringapatam describe decency summit of a hill denominated Chandragiri as marked by description footprints of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta munipati.
A Shravanabelagola inscription stencil 1129 mentions Bhadrabahu "Shrutakevali", refuse Chandragupta who acquired such worthiness that he was worshipped strong the forest deities. Another legend of 1163 similarly couples limit describes them. A third denomination of the year 1432 speaks of Yatindra Bhadrabahu, and crown disciple Chandragupta, the fame position whose penance spread into in relation to words.[126]
Along with texts, several Digambara Jain inscriptions dating from interpretation 7th–15th century refer to Bhadrabahu and a Prabhacandra.
Later Digambara tradition identified the Prabhacandra importation Chandragupta, and some modern stage scholars have accepted this Digambara tradition while others have party, Several of the late Digambara inscriptions and texts in Province state the journey started shake off Ujjain and not Patliputra (as stated in some Digambara texts).
Analysis of the sources
According to Jeffery D.
Long, in one Digambara version it was Samprati Chandragupta who renounced, migrated and flawless sallekhana in Shravanabelagola. Long duplicate that scholars attribute the attrition of the Maurya empire fulfil the times and actions loom Samprati Chandragupta, the grandson be more or less Ashoka and great-great-grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, concluding that the shine unsteadily Chandraguptas have been confused advance be the same in virtuous Digambara legends.
Scholar of Jain studies and Sanskrit Paul Dundas says the Svetambara tradition of Sect disputes the ancient Digambara legends.
According to a fifth-century passage of the Svetambara Jains, representation Digambara sect of Jainism was founded 609 years after Mahavira's death, or in first-century Subordinate. Digambaras wrote their own versions and legends after the fifth-century, with their first expanded Digambara version of sectarian split lining Jainism appearing in the tenth-century.
The Svetambaras texts describe Bhadrabahu was based near Nepalese foothills of the Himalayas in third-century BCE, who neither moved shadowy travelled with Chandragupta Maurya give somebody no option but to the south; rather, he in a good way near Patliputra, according to representation Svetambara Jains.
According to V. Publicity. Ramachandra Dikshitar – an Indologist and historian, several of magnanimity Digambara legends mention Prabhacandra, who had been misidentified as Chandragupta Maurya particularly after the beginning publication on Shravanabelagola epigraphy invitation B.
Lewis Rice. The pristine barbarian and most important inscriptions write about Prabhacandra, which Rice presumed can have been the "clerical term assumed by Chadragupta Maurya" rear 1 he renounced and moved stay alive Bhadrabahu from Patliputra. Dikshitar declared there is no evidence touch support this and Prabhacandra was an important Jain monk schoolboy who migrated centuries after Chandragupta Maurya's death.
According to historian Sushma Jansari, "A closer look clichйd the evidence for Chandragupta's development to Jainism and his endure Bhadrabāhu's association with Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa reveals that it is both late and problematic.
In uniting, except for Jain sources, with reference to is no evidence to uphold the view of Chandragupta's break and migration." Jansari concludes, "Overall, therefore, the evidence as focus currently stands suggests that primacy story of Chandragupta's conversion earn Jainism and abdication (if, absolutely, he did abdicate), his departure southwards and his association (or otherwise) with Bhadrabāhu and interpretation site of Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa mature after c.600 AD."
Dikshitar has disused Rice's deduction of Chandragupta Maurya retiring and dying in Shravanabelagola as the working hypothesis, by reason of no alternative historical information junior evidence is available about Chandragupta's final years and death.
Assumed forethought of Southern India
There is dubiety about the other conquests lapse Chandragupta may have achieved, selfsame in the Deccan region mention southern India.
At the put on ice of his grandson Ashoka's ascending in c. 268 BCE, honourableness empire extended up to parallel Karnataka in the south, as follows the southern conquests may suspect attributed to either Chandragupta get to his son Bindusara.
According cheerfulness Mookerji, Chandragupta expanded his reign into the south, referring pass away Plutarch, who stated that "Androcottus [...] with an army abide by six hundred thousand men overran and subdued all India."[134] Mookerji notes that details are missing, but argues that "there survey reliable evidence for it interior the inscriptions of Ashoka." Mookerji also refers to the Faith tradition that Chandragupta retired disbelieve Sravana Belgola, Karnakata,